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The simplest, and possibly the earliest, binding material used was wet mud, and there are records of its use in ancient Egypt. Another example of a binder from the distant past is the use of naturally occurring bitumen by the Babylonians and Assyrians in their brick and alabaster (gypsum plaster) constructions.

Ancient Egyptians also used Calcined impure Gypsum.

Early Greeks & Romans mostly used cementing material obtained by burning Limestone. Roman mortar was very hard & superior due to thorough mixing & long continuous ramming.

Lime is often considered as the "First Cement” of the mankind.

FAQ

How does lime function as a binding/cementing material?

FUAQ

What are the principal constituents of mortar used in Great Pyramid?

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