How to Make Concrete

Steps

1. Plan your concrete project carefully. There is a set sequence of steps you must take to be successful, and following them will save a lot of problems later on.
2. Purchase or gather the raw materials for your concrete. You will need Portland type I or II cement, masonry or builder's sand or other clean sand, and if you want, as a filler, gravel or crushed limestone. The Portland cement usually comes in one cubic foot bags, weighing in at about 96 pounds each, so you may need help handling them, as well as a truck to haul it.
3. Build a mixing box, or get a good, sturdy wheel barrow to mix the materials in. If it is a large project, rent a concrete mixer to do the hardest part of the work for you. We have mixed as much as 6 or 8 cubic feet with a mason's hoe and shovel, in a large plastic tub, so not having the best equipment shouldn't stop you from trying it.
4. Allow yourself time to complete the whole process when you begin. If the concrete is a large "finished" slab, start early in the morning and gather all the help you can.
5. Build the form you are placing the concrete in, brace it off securely, level and plumb it up, and then carefully measure the dimensions to determine the volume in cubit feet. This is done by multiplying width X length X height in feet. An example would be 5 ft. X 2 ft. X .5 ft. (6 inches)= 5 cubic feet.
6. Mix Portland cement and sand at a 1:2 or 1:3 ration in your mixing container. The 1:2 ratio will yield concrete with about a 3500 pound per square inch tensile strength. The 1:3 ratio will yield somewhat less than 3000 PSI, which is typical for house slabs, footings, and sidewalks.
7. Add gravel or crushed stone to the dry mixture to a ratio of as much as 5 parts gravel to 1 part cement and sand mixture. The gravel doesn't effect the tensile strength of the concrete unless you add so much there isn't enough cement paste to fill the voids in the finished concrete, it merely acts as a filler, taking up space. Adding too much gravel can make it difficult to get a smooth finished surface on the cured concrete. Normal Ratio is 1 part cement, 2 parts sand, and 3 parts gravel (trade the word part for shovel, bucket, or any other measuring device).
8. Begin adding water to the mixture slowly, and while mixing continuously, until in becomes plastic enough to place in your form. The plastic character of the concrete is measured in "slump", which is determined by filling a metal "slump" cone with the mixed, wet concrete, and lifting the cone off gently, then measuring how far the concrete sagged, or slumped. In inches, the typical "slump" of good structural concrete is about 3 or 4 inches.
9. Mix the concrete until it is uniformly and thoroughly mixed, and continue mixing for 2 or 3 more minutes to begin the process of hydration, which ultimately is what causes the concrete to harden.
10. Place the concrete in your form, tapping all the edges to remove air pockets and settle in firmly down, then, using a magnesium float or a smooth flat board, level the concrete across the top by dragging the tool, tilted slightly upward, across the surface of the concrete. This is known as floating, and will float the cement paste to the surface, giving you material which you can finish either by brushing, brooming, or troweling when it begins to "set" or harden.
11. Leave the concrete alone after you have floated it level and brought up some cement paste, or grout as it is sometimes called, until it becomes firm enough to finish without leaving tool marks. Doing this on a large slab or surface is done by crawling onto the slab with the appropriate hand tools on "knee boards", or pieces of plywood that you can walk on and not sink into the concrete. For very large slabs, you will need a "bull float" and possibly a power troweling machine, and this is an investment that is better left to professionals.
12. Clean up all the tools and the mixing container as soon as you are finished with them. The cured, hard concrete is difficult to remove, and take special care of any rented equipment you use, as the rental company often will charge an additional fee for cleaning them when you return them.
13. It takes approx. 8 Bags of Portland cement, 16 cubic ft of sand, and 26 cubic ft of gravel to make approximately 1 Yard of Concrete.

Tips

• Use premixed concrete products if you are not confident in your ability to measure the basic materials. These are pre-measured and packaged for handyman use, and the package will have detailed mixing instructions and applications described on it.
• The higher the cement to sand ratio, the stronger the concrete, but typically, unless the finished product is supporting an unusual load, 3000 pounds per square inch is sufficient.
• If you are mixing more than 5 or 6 cubic feet to place at one time, consider strongly renting or borrowing a concrete mixer. A mortar mixer will mix concrete also, but only if you do not use gravel in the mixture.
• Use buckets to give the most precise mixing proportions, rather than a shovel, since "scoops" can vary significantly. Make sure the buckets are small enough you can lift them to dump them, though. A five gallon bucket full of dry Portland cement or sand is about 75 pounds.
• After the concrete is placed and finished, cover it and protect it from extreme temperatures and rain for a few days.
• This article is only an attempt to describe making the concrete, so visit the many wikiHow pages that describe forming and finishing this material.
• There are many admixtures and additives for use with concrete mixes, but these are usually only available or practical with ready mixed concrete. They can reduce shrinkage, which causes cracks, increase working time, or speed up the setting process, and change the color and/or texture of the finished product.

Warnings

• Portland cement can cause burns on unprotected skin.
• Do not breath the dust from the Portland cement, or allow it in your eyes. A respirator and safety glasses are recommended.
• Wear rubber boots and gloves to protect your hands and feet if you are working in the wet concrete.

Things You'll Need

• Portland type I or II cement
• Clean sand (fine aggregate)
• Gravel (coarse aggregate)
• Shovels, a hoe, or other mixing and measuring tools.
• Wheel barrows or other container for mixing and moving the concrete.
• Water.
• Finishing tools. Might include a wood or magnesium float, trowel, edger, jointer, and finishing broom.